INTERNATIONAL NORM AND TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION: THE CONTRIBUTION OF L'ORÉAL TO ERADICATE CHILD LABOR MICA MINING IN INDIA

Zain Maulana, Ika Hidayani Harahap

Sari


This article explores how L’Oréal respond to to the issue of illegal activities and child labour in their mica supply chain from India. It emphasizes that despite economic interests are always embedded in transnational corporation’s, L’Oréal responses to the issue of illegal and child labour mica mining suggest that the action of the company is influenced by international norm such as the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. The Guiding Principles has influenced the construction of the L’Oréal identity and behaviour in their business activities. The company has used their business code of conduct in related to human rights in justifying their responses to deal with the illegal and child labour in its mica supply chain from India. It has been emphasized that mica supply from India should comply with globally recognized workplace employment, occupational health and safety, and environmental standards that include prohibitions on the use of child labour.


Kata Kunci


Business and human rights, Transnational corporation, International norm, Child labour, illegal mining

Teks Lengkap:

PDF (English)

Referensi


Acharya, A. (2000). The quest for identity: international relations of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press.

Acharya, A. (2004). How ideas spread: whose norms matter? norm localization and institutional change in Asian regionalism. International Organization. 58(2), 239-275.

Acharya, A. (2005). Do norms and identity matter? community and power in Southeast Asia's regional order. The Pacific Review. 18(1), 95-118.

Acharya, A. (2009). Constructing a security community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of the regional order. 2nd ed. Routledge.

Acharya, A. (2011). Norm subsidiarity and regional orders: sovereignty, regionalism, and rule‐making in the third world. International Studies Quarterly. 55(1), 95-123.

Addo, M. K. (2014). The reality of the United Nations guiding principles on business and human rights. Human Rights Law Review, 14(1), 133-147.

Adler, E and Barnett, M. (1998). Security communities. Cambridge University Press.

Banchirigah, S. M. (2008). Challenges with eradicating illegal mining in Ghana: A perspective from the grassroots. Resources policy, 33(1), 29-38.

Bandy, J., & Smith, J. (2005). Factors affecting conflict and cooperation in transnational movement networks. Coalitions across borders: Transnational protest and the neoliberal order, 231-252.

Bartley, T. (2018). Transnational corporations and global governance. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 145-165.

Beckfield, J. (2003). Inequality in the world polity: The structure of international organization. American Sociological Review, 401-424.

Boadi, S., Nsor, C. A., Antobre, O. O., & Acquah, E. (2016). An analysis of illegal mining on the Offin shelterbelt forest reserve, Ghana: Implications on community livelihood. Journal of Sustainable Mining, 15(3), 115-119.

Bukovansky, M. (2001). Ideas and power politics: the American and French revolutionsin international political culture. Princeton University Press.

Checkel, J.T. (1998). The constructivist turn in international relations theory. World Politics. 50(2), 324-348.

Checkel, J.T. (2001). Why comply? social learning and European identity change. International Organization. 55(3), 553-588.

DanWatch (2014). Who suffers for beauty: the child labour behind make-up's glitter. https://old.danwatch.dk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Who-suffers-for-beauty.pdf. Accessed 22 April 2021.

Finnemore, M. (1996). National interests in international society. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.

Finnemore, M. and Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization. 52(4), 887-917.

Finnemore, M., and Sikkink, K. (2001). Taking stock: the constructivist research program in international relations and comparative politics. Annual Review of Political Science. 4(1), 391-416.

Global Cosmetics News. (2017). L’Oréal becomes founding member of Responsible Mica Initiative. (https://www.globalcosmeticsnews.com/l-oreal-becomes-founding-member-of-responsible-mica-initiative/. Accessed 14 May 2021.

Hillemanns, C. F. (2003). UN norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights. German Law Journal, 4(10), 1065-1080.

Hilson, G. (2002). Small‐scale mining and its socio‐economic impact in developing countries. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 3-13). Blackwell Publishing.

Hopf, T. (1998). The promise of constructivism in international relations theory. International Security. 23(1), 171-200.

Hulo, S., Cherot-Kornobis, N., Edme, J. L., de Broucker, V., Falgayrac, G., Penel, G., ... & Sobaszek, A. (2013). Mica dust and pneumoconiosis: example of a pure occupational exposure in a muscovite milling unit. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 55(12), 1469-1474.

International Labour Organization (n.d). What is child labour. https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm#banner. Accessed 20 April 2021.

International Labour Organization (1999). Worst forms of child labour recommendation (No. 190). https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:C182:NO. Accessed 20 April 2021.

Katzenstein, P.J. (1996). Introduction: alternative perspective on national security. In: Katzenstein, P.J. ed. The culture of national security: norms and identity in world politics. Columbia University Press.

Keck, M.E. and Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Cornell University Press.

Keohane, R.O. (1984). After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton University Press.

Lapid, Y. (1996). Culture’s ship: returns and departures in international relations theory. In: Lapid, Y. and Kratochwil, F.V. The return of culture and identity in IR theory. Rienner.

Lapid, Y. and Kratochwil, F.V. (1996). The return of culture and identity in IR theory. Rienner.

L’Oréal. (n.d). Inside our products: Mica. https://inside-our-products.loreal.com/ingredients/mica. Accessed 4 May 2021.

L’Oréal. (2017). L’Oréal Human Rights Policy. https://www.loreal.com/-/media/project/loreal/brand-sites/corp/master/lcorp/documents-media/publications/commitments/l-oreal-human-rights-policy.pdf. Accessed

L’Oréal Ethics. (n.d). Code of ethics: the way we work. 3rd edition. https://www.loreal.com/-/media/project/loreal/brand-sites/corp/master/lcorp/2-group/news-and-documentation/publications/code-of-ethics/codeofethicsenglish.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2021.

Moloney, A. (2017). Criticized for overlooking slavery risks. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-slavery-loreal-idUSKBN1CB00C. Accessed 10 May 2021.

Office of the High Commisioner United Nations on Human Rights. (2011). Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the UN ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework. https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf. Accessed 30 April 2021.

Onuf, N. (1989). World of our making: rules and rule in social theory and international relations. University of South Carolina Press.

Prantl, J. and Nakano, R. (2011). Global norm diffusion in East Asia: how China and Japan implement the responsibility to protect. International Relations. 25(2), 204-223.

Responsible Mica Initiative. (n.d). About us/governance. https://responsible-mica-initiative.com/about-us-rmi/governance-rmi. Accessed 10 May 2021.

Responsible Mica Initiative. (2019). Annual Report 2018. https://responsible-mica-initiative.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/RMI-2018-Annual-Report-reader-version.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2021.

Reus-Smit, C. (2009). Constructivism. In: Burchill, S. et al. Theories of international relations. 4th edition. Palgrave Macmillan.

Risse-Kappen, T. and Sikkink, K. (1999). The socialization of international human rights norms into domestic practices: introduction. In: Risse-Kappen, T., Ropp, S.C., and Sikkink, K. eds. The power of human rights: international norms and domestice change. Cambridge University Press.

Roy, S. (2020). Illegal mica mining continues unbated in Jharkhand, causing deaths and diseases. Mongabay. https://india.mongabay.com/2020/10/illegal-mica-mining-continues-unabated-in-jharkhand-causing-deaths-and-diseases/#:~:text=Illegal%20mica%20mining%20continues%20unabated%20in%20Jharkhand%2C%20causing%20deaths%20and%20diseases,-by%20Saurav%20Roy&text=From%20sudden%20death%20owing%20to,well%20as%20cost%20them%20dearly. Accessed 11 May 2021.

Ruggie, J. (2008). Protect, respect and remedy: A framework for business and human rights. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 3(2), 189-212.

Samuel, A., Oladejo, N. K., & Adetunde, I. A. (2012). The Impact and Effect of Illegal Mining (galamsey) towards the Socio-economic Development of Mining Communities: A Case Study of Kenyasi in the Brong Ahafo Region Adjei Samuel. International Journal of Modern Social Sciences, 1(1), 38-55.

Schimmelfennig, F. (2005). Strategic Calculation and International Socialization: Membership Incentives, Party Constellations, and Sustained Compliance in Central and Eastern Europe. International Organization. 59(04), 827-860.

Schofer, E., & Longhofer, W. (2011). The structural sources of association. American Journal of Sociology, 117(2), 539-585.

SOMO. (2016). Beauty and a beast: child labour in India for sparkling cars and cosmetics. https://www.somo.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Beauty-and-a-Beast.pdf. Accessed 3 May 2021.

Srivastava, R. (2019). Global spotlight on illegal mica mines drives Indian villagers to hide deaths. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-mica-child-labour-trfn-idUSKBN1XU04I. Accessed 4 May 2021.

Statista (2021). Brand value of the leading 10 cosmetis brands worldwide in 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/243722/brand-value-of-the-leading-15-cosmetic-brands-worldwide/. Accessed 25 April 2021.

United Nations Global Compact. (2010). UN Global compact management model: framework for implementation human rights, labour, environment and anti-curroption. https://d306pr3pise04h.cloudfront.net/docs/news_events%2F9.1_news_archives%2F2010_06_17%2FUN_Global_Compact_Management_Model.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2021.

Weissbrodt, D., & Kruger, M. (2017). Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights. In Globaization and International Investment. Routledge.

Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics. International Organization. 46(2), 391-425.

Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge University Press.

Wiener, A. (2009). Enacting meaning-in-use: qualitative reseacrh on norms and international relations. Review of International Studies. 35(1), 175-193.

Wiener, A. (2014). A theory of contestation. Springer.

Wiener, A. (2018). Contestation and constitution of norms in global international relations. Cambridge University Press.

Zinman, C., Richards, G. A., Murray, J., Phillips, J. I., Rees, D. J., & Glyn‐Thomas, R. (2002). Mica dust as a cause of severe pneumoconiosis. American journal of industrial medicine, 41(2), 139-144.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.52447/polinter.v7i1.4582

Refbacks

  • Saat ini tidak ada refbacks.