Uni Eropa sebagai Global Digital Regulator: Studi Kasus Difusi Global AI Act

Kevin Sabastian Hamman, Farid Ramadhony

Sari


Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kapasitas Uni Eropa sebagai regulator digital global melalui implementasi AI Act serta mekanisme difusi normatifnya di tingkat internasional. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang melibatkan analisis dokumen dan studi kasus pada Uni Eropa, Amerika Serikat, dan Tiongkok, studi ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana Uni Eropa memproyeksikan standar teknis dan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan melampaui batas-batas teritorialnya. Kerangka analisis dibangun dengan mengintegrasikan teori Efek Brussels untuk menjelaskan kekuatan pasar Uni Eropa dan perspektif konstruktivisme untuk menangkap dimensi identitas normatifnya. Temuan studi ini menunjukkan bahwa AI Act telah menjadi standar emas global melalui mekanisme difusi de facto oleh perusahaan teknologi multinasional dan de jure melalui adopsi legislasi oleh negara-negara ketiga. Namun, kepemimpinan regulatif ini menghadapi tantangan besar dari kontestasi geopolitik, terutama dari model inovasi agresif Amerika Serikat dan model kontrol negara Tiongkok, yang memicu risiko fragmentasi digital global atau splinternet. Studi ini melihat perlunya keseimbangan strategis antara adopsi standar perlindungan tinggi Uni Eropa dengan penguatan kedaulatan digital nasional untuk menghindari ketergantungan teknologi jangka panjang.

Kata Kunci


AI Act; Efek Brussels; regulator digital global; kekuatan normatif Eropa

Teks Lengkap:

PDF

Referensi


Bignami, E. G., Russo, M., Semeraro, F., and Bellini, V. (2025). Balancing Innovation and Control : The European Union AI Act in an Era of Global Uncertainty. JMIR AI. https://doi.org/10.2196/75527

Bilad, E. and Zakariyas, C. (2011). Konstruktivisme Hubungan Internasional: Meretas Jalan Damai Perdebatan Antarparadigma. Jurnal Studi Hubungan Internasional. Diakses dari https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/131993/konstruktivisme-hubungan-internasional-meretas-jalan-damai-perdebatan-antarparad

Bogucki, A., Engler, A., Perarnaud, C., & Renda, A. (2022). The AI Act and Emerging EU Digital Acquis: Overlaps , gaps and inconsistencies. CEPS In-Depth Analysis, diakses dari https://cdn.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/CEPS-In-depth-analysis-2022-02_The-AI-Act-and-emerging-EU-digital-acquis.pdf

Bradford, A. (2012). The Brussels Effect. Northwestern University Law Review, 107(1). Diakses dari https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2770634

Chollet, D., Lyons, T., Sawyer, L., and Wainscott, K. (2025). The Geopolitics of AI : Decoding the New Global Operating System Key Takeaways. JPMorgan Chase Center for Geopolitics, diakses dari https://www.jpmorganchase.com/content/dam/jpmorganchase/documents/center-for-geopolitics/decoding-the-new-global-operating-system.pdf

Coghlan, T. (2026). “Intelligent everything”: China’s policy to supercharge AI adoption. United States Studies Centre University of Sydney, diakses dari https://www.ussc.edu.au/intelligent-everything-china-s-policy-to-supercharge-ai-adoption

European Commission. (n.d.). AI Act. European Commission Webpage, diakses dari https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai

European Commission. (2025). Open but Not Powerless : Towards a Common Understanding of EU Digital Sovereignty. JRC Publications Repository, diakses dari https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC144908

European Parliament. (2024). The global reach of the EU’s approach to digital transformation. (Briefing). Diakses dari https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2024)757632#:~:text=The%20EU's%20approach%20to%20digital%20transformation%20is%20rooted%20in%20protecting,businesses%2C%20regardless%20of%20their%20size

Fitriyah, A., & Abdulovna, D. D. (2024). EU’s AI Regulation Approaches and Their Implication for Human Rights. Media Juris, 7(3), pp. 417-438. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v7i3.62050

Gerrits, A. (2009). Normative Power Europe in a Changing World: A Discussion. Netherlands Institute of International Relations, diakses dari https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/20091200_cesp_paper_gerrits.pdf

Graux, H., Garstka, K., Murali, N., Cave, J., & Botterman, M. (2025). Interplay between the AI Act and the EU digital legislative framework. Directorate-General for Economy, Transformation and Industry European Parliament, diakses dari https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2025/778575/ECTI_STU(2025)778575_EN.pdf

Hoch S., and Mügge, D. (2025). EU Influence in Global AI Governance and its Limits. RegulAite Working Paper University of Amsterdam, diakses dari https://regulaite.eu/images/pdf/HochMugge2025.pdf

Kennedy, G., dan Wong, J. K. C. (2025). Artificial Intelligence: A Brave New World - China Formulates New AI Global Governance Action Plan and Issues Draft Ethics Rules and AI Labelling Rules. Mayor Brown Webpage, diakses dari https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/insights/publications/2025/10/artificial-intelligence-a-brave-new-world-china-formulates-new-ai-global--governance-action-plan-and-issues-draft-ethics-rules-and-ai-labelling-rules

Almada, M. dan Radu, A. (2024). The Brussels Side-Effect : How the AI Act Can Reduce the Global Reach of EU Policy. German Law Journal, 25(4), pp. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.108

Musthafa, A. R. dan Arundhati, G. B. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Governance Beyond Borders : The EU AI Act’s Influence on Third Party Legal Frameworks and Regional Organizations. Review of European and Comparative Law, 63(4), pp. 7–28. https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.18927

Papadopoulou, D. (2025). Geopolitics: AI and China; enabling ideology?, Frontiers in Political Science, Vol. 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2025.1654697

Rachmawati, I. (2012). Konstruktivisme sebagai Pendekatan Alternatif dalam Hubungan Internasional. Paradigma: Jurnal Masalah Sosial, Politik, dan Kebijakan, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.31315/paradigma.v16i1.2456

Rurua, I. (2024). EU’s Digital Policy from a Constructivist Lens: Why could not Platform Giants Reverse GDPR, DSA, and DMA. (Thesis).

Saiger, A-J. (2025). Brussels Mirage: The EU AI Act’s Subtle Shine across International Borders. EJIL:Talk! Webpage, diakses dari https://www.ejiltalk.org/brussels-mirage-the-eu-ai-acts-subtle-shine-across-international-borders/

Sajduk, B., & Dziwisz, D. (2024). Comparative Analysis of AI Development Strategies : A Study of China’s Ambitions and the EU ’ s Regulatory Framework. EuroHub4Sino Webpage, diakses dari https://eh4s.eu/publication/comparative-analysis-of-ai-development-strategies-a-study-of-chinas-ambitions-and-the-e-us-regulatory-framework

Santaniello, M. (2025). Attributes of Digital Sovereignty: A Conceptual Framework. Geopolitics, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2025.2521548

Siegmann, C. and Anderljung, M. (2022). The Brussels Effect and Artificial Intelligence: How EU regulation will impact the global AI market. Centre for the Governance of AI Report, diakses dari https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364552578_The_Brussels_Effect_and_Artificial_Intelligence

Smuha, A. N. (2025). Regulation 2024/1689 of the Eur. Parl. & Council of June 13, 2024 (EU Artificial Intelligence Act). International Legal Materials, Cambridge University Press, 64(5). Diakses dari https://doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2024.46




DOI: https://doi.org/10.52447/pol.v11i2.9420

Refbacks

  • Saat ini tidak ada refbacks.


Email : jurnalpolinter@gmail.com

Gedung perkuliahan Lt. 5, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta,Jl. Sunter Permai Raya, Sunter Agung Podomoro, Jakarta 14350


Journal Polinter is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Copyright Pusat Penelitian Fakultas Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Ilmu Sosial Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta

View My Statcounter